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In politics, a partition is a change of political borders cutting through at least one territory considered a homeland by some community.〔Brendan O'Leary, (DEBATING PARTITION: JUSTIFICATIONS AND CRITIQUES )〕 That change is done primarily by diplomatic means, and use of military force is negligible. Common arguments for partitions include: * historicist – that partition is inevitable, or already in progress〔 * last resort – that partition should be pursued to avoid the worst outcomes (genocide or large-scale ethnic expulsion), if all other means fail〔 * cost–benefit – that partition offers a better prospect of conflict reduction than the if existing borders are not changed〔 * better tomorrow – that partition will reduce current violence and conflict, and that the new more homogenized states will be more stable〔 * rigorous end – heterogeneity leads to problems, hence homogeneous states should be the goal of any policy〔 Common arguments against include: * It disrupts functioning and traditional state entities * It creates enormous human suffering * It creates new grievances that could eventually lead to more deadly violence, such as the Korean and Vietnamese wars. * It prioritizes race and ethnicity to a level acceptable only to an apartheid regime * The international system is very reluctant to accept the idea of partition in deeply divided societies ==Examples== Notable examples are: (See ) * Partition of Africa (Scramble for Africa), between 1881 and 1914. * Partition, multiple times, of the Roman Empire into the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire, following the Crisis of the Third Century. * Partition of Prussia by the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466〔Norman Davies: God's Playground ()〕〔Stephen R. Turnbull, Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights ()〕 creating Royal Prussia, and Duchy of Prussia in 1525〔Elements of General History: Ancient and Modern, by Millot (Claude François Xavier) ()〕 * Partition of Catalonia by the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659: Northern Catalan territories (Roussillon) was given to France by Spain. * In the 1757 Second Treaty of Versailles, France agreed upon the partition of Prussia〔(Arthur Hassall, The Balance of Power. 1715–1789 )〕 * Partition of the United States during the American Civil War. * German occupation of Czechoslovakia〔''The Polish Occupation. Czechoslovakia was, of course, mutilated not only by Germany. Poland and Hungary also each asked for their share'' – Hubert Ripka: Munich, Before and After: A Fully Documented Czechoslovak Account of the ..., 1939 ()〕 and Munich Agreement of 1938 * Three Partitions of Luxembourg, the last of which in 1839, that divided Luxembourg between France, Prussia, Belgium, and the independent Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. * Three Partitions of Poland and Poland-Lithuania in the 18th century, with a fourth sometimes referring to events of 19th and 20th centuries. * 1905 Partition of Bengal and 1947 Partition of Bengal * Partition of Tyrol by the London Pact of 1915 * Partition of the German Empire in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles * * Partition of Prussia in 1919〔Norman Davies: God's Playground ()〕 * Partition of the Ottoman Empire * Partition of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in 1919 by the Treaty of St. Germain * Partition of Ireland in 1920 into the independent Irish Free State and (British) Northern Ireland * Treaty of Kars of 1921, which partitioned Ottoman Armenia between the republic of Turkey and the then Soviet Union (Western and Eastern Armenia) * Partition of Germany and Berlin after World War II, annexation of former eastern territories of Germany * * Partition〔(Samuel Leonard Sharp: Poland, White Eagle on a Red Field )〕 of East Prussia〔Norman Davies: God's Playground ()〕 between the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union〔(Debates of the Senate of the Dominion of Canada )〕 * Partition of Korea in 1945 * 1947 UN Partition Plan for British Mandate of Palestine; this partition was abortive, resulting only in Jewish independent state, while the proposed Arab state was never formed. * Partition of India (colonial British India) in 1947 into the independent dominions (later republics) of India and Pakistan (which included modern-day Bangladesh) * Partition of Korea in 1953 * Partition of Punjab in 1966 into the states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh * Partition of Pakistan in 1971, when East Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh after the Bangladesh Liberation War * Partition of Vietnam in 1954 * The hypothetical partition of the Canadian province of Quebec * Partition of Yugoslavia in the 1990s * Possible Partition of Kosovo after disputed independence in 2008. * Partitions of China (See 瓜分中國) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Partition (politics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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